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This supplemental text (pp. 2-4) describes the analytical procedures for the detrital zircon fission track (dzFT) and detrital zircon U-Pb analyses (dzUPb). Sample locations are listed in supplemental file S1. The new dzUPb analytical data are presented in supplemental file S2. Supplemental files S3, S4, and S5 give the data sets used in the regional dzUPb compilations, a list of the compiled data, and the intersample comparison statistical results for the dzUPb compilations, respectively. Supplemental S6 contains the Monte-Carlo modeling results for the source terrane inversions using DZMix (Sundell and Saylor, 2017). Supplemental file S7 contains the full data tables and a summary of the dzFT results. All prior datasets were compiled from the supplemental files released with the original publications.</p> 

Abstract The Bengal Basin preserves the erosional signals of coupled tectonic‐climatic change during late Cenozoic development of the Himalayan orogen, yet regional correlation and interpretation of these signals remains incomplete. We present a new geologic map of fluvial‐deltaic deposits of the Indo‐Burman Ranges (IBR), five detrital zircon fission track analyses, and twelve high‐n detrital zircon U‐Pb age distributions (dzUPb) from the Barail (late Eocene–early Miocene), Surma (early–late Miocene), and Tipam (late Miocene–Pliocene) Groups of the ancestral Brahmaputra delta. We use dzUPb statistical tests to correlate the IBR units with equivalent age strata throughout the Bengal Basin. An influx of trans‐Himalayan sediment and the first appearance of ∼50 Ma grains of the Gangdese batholith in the lower Surma Group (∼18–15 Ma) records the early Miocene arrival of the ancestral Brahmaputra delta to the Bengal Basin. Contributions from Himalayan sources systematically decrease up section through the late Miocene as the contribution of Trans‐Himalayan Arc sources increases. The Miocene (∼18–8 Ma) deposition of the Surma Group records upstream expansion of the ancestral Brahmaputra River into southeastern Tibet. Late Miocene (<8 Ma) progradation of the fluvial part of the delta (Tipam Group) routed trans‐Himalayan sediment over the shelf edge to the Nicobar Fan. We propose that Miocene progradation of the ancestral Brahmaputra delta reflects increasing rates of erosion and sea level fall during intensification of the South Asian Monsoon after the Miocene Climate Optimum, contemporaneous with a pulse of tectonic uplift of the Himalayan hinterland and Tibet.